Hint: Ethanol has a higher boiling point. e. high boiling point, The direct conversion of a solid to a gas is called _________ . a) 1/8 e. equal to the vapor pressure of water, In general, the vapor pressure of a substance increases as ________ increases. H-bonding is the principle IMF holding the protein strands together. b. only the magnitude of cohesive forces in the liquid Which has the higher boiling point, \(\ce{Br2}\) or \(\ce{ICl}\)? What is the empirical formula of the compound? b) isolation of the flavor components of herbs and spices In the liquid state, the hydrogen bonds of water can break and reform as the molecules flow from one place to another. A summary of the interactions is illustrated in the following diagram: See if you can answer the following questions. Select one: Only the amount of water existing as ice changes until the ice disappears. The hydrogen fluoride molecule has an electronegativity difference of 1.9, which places it in the category of being slightly ionic. From the phase diagram for carbon dioxide in Figure 11.5.5, determine the state of [latex]\ce{CO2}[/latex] at: Pressure cookers allow food to cook faster because the higher pressure inside the pressure cooker increases the boiling temperature of water. Which best describes the solid? Select one: What is the relationship between the intermolecular forces in a solid and its melting temperature? The hydrogen bond between the partially positive [latex]\ce{H}[/latex] and the larger partially negative [latex]\ce{F}[/latex] will be stronger than that formed between [latex]\ce{H}[/latex] and [latex]\ce{O}[/latex]. There is one-eighth atom at each of the eight corners of the cube and one atom in the center of the cube. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. The dispersion forces are progressively weaker for bromine, chlorine, and fluorine, as illustrated by their steadily lower melting and boiling points. Select one: Explain why this occurs, in terms of molecular interactions and the effect of changing temperature. Zinc ions are found in one-eighth of the tetrahedral holes and aluminum ions in one-half of the octahedral holes. Chung (Peter) Chieh (Professor Emeritus, Chemistry @University of Waterloo). The heat capacity of liquid water is 75.2 J/molK. d) extraction of essential oils from hops for use in brewing beer A compound of thallium and iodine crystallizes in a simple cubic array of iodide ions with thallium ions in all of the cubic holes. b) 21.3 Identical metal spheres were dropped at the same time into each of the tubes, and a brief moment later, the spheres had fallen to the heights indicated in the illustration. { "5.1:_Isomers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.2:_Carbohydrate_Structures" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.3:_Polarity_and_Intermolecular_Forces" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.4:_Chromatography" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.E:_Properties_of_Compounds_(Exercises)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Chapter_10:_Nuclear_and_Chemical_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Chapter_11:_Properties_of_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Chapter_12:_Organic_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Chapter_13:_Amino_Acids_and_Proteins" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Chapter_14:_Biological_Molecules" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Chapter_15:_Metabolic_Cycles" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Chapter_1:_Measurements_and_Problem-Solving" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Chapter_2:_Elements_and_Ions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Chapter_3:_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Chapter_4:_Structure_and_Function" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Chapter_5:_Properties_of_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Chapter_6:_Energy_and_Properties" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Chapter_7:_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Chapter_8:_Properties_of_Solutions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Chapter_9:_Equilibrium_Applications" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "polarity", "intermolecular forces", "showtoc:no", "license:ck12", "authorname:ck12" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FUniversity_of_Kentucky%2FUK%253A_CHE_103_-_Chemistry_for_Allied_Health_(Soult)%2FChapters%2FChapter_5%253A_Properties_of_Compounds%2F5.3%253A_Polarity_and_Intermolecular_Forces, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), http://www.dlt.ncssm.edu/core/ChaptearBonding.html, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. (The ionic radius of Li+ is 0.0.95 .). The vapor pressure of a liquid decreases as the strength of its intermolecular forces increases. The electrostatic attraction between the partially positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and the partially negative atom in another molecule gives rise to a strong dipole-dipole interaction called a hydrogen bond (e.g., [latex]\ce{HFHF}[/latex]). Rank the motor oils in order of increasing viscosity, and explain your reasoning: You may have heard someone use the figure of speech slower than molasses in winter to describe a process that occurs slowly. d) the freezing point d. boiling c. CH 2Cl 2 has hydrogen-bonding while CH 2F 2 does not. Which has a higher boiling point, \(\ce{I2}\) or \(\ce{Br2}\)? A diatomic molecule that consists of a polar covalent bond, such as \(\ce{HF}\), is a polar molecule. Discussion - The resulting imf is hydrogen bond. Explain your reasoning. Explain why the temperature of the ice does not change. Explain why the chemically similar alkali metal chlorides [latex]\ce{NaCl}[/latex] and [latex]\ce{CsCl}[/latex] have different structures, whereas the chemically different [latex]\ce{NaCl}[/latex] and [latex]\ce{MnS}[/latex] have the same structure. On the basis of intermolecular attractions, explain the differences in the boiling points of nbutane (1 C) and chloroethane (12 C), which have similar molar masses. In terms of their bulk properties, how do liquids and solids differ? The boiling point of [latex]\ce{CS2}[/latex] is higher than that of [latex]\ce{CO2}[/latex] partially because of the higher molecular weight of [latex]\ce{CS2}[/latex]; consequently, the attractive forces are stronger in [latex]\ce{CS2}[/latex]. Allison Soult, Ph.D. (Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky). Select one: The wavelength of the X-rays is 1.54 . (c) CH3OHO in CCI) ion-dipole H bond dipole-dipole ion-induced dipole dipole-induced dipole dispersion. b. NH3 a. have highly ordered structures As temperature increases, what happens to the viscosity of water? b. With stronger intermolecular attraction, of course CH 2F 2 will have a lower boiling point. These forces are strong enough to hold iodine molecules close together in the solid state at room temperature. The carbon dioxide pressure will remain roughly constant at 65 atm (the equilibrium vapor pressure of [latex]\ce{CO2}[/latex] at 20 C) as long as liquid [latex]\ce{CO2}[/latex] remains in the cylinder. However, a distinction is often made between two general types of covalent bonds. Dispersion b.) c. 1 atm A molecule with polar bonds unsymmetrically arranged will possess a permanent dipole. In terms of the kinetic molecular theory, in what ways are liquids similar to gases? (a) CsCl (s) in H20 ( O ion-dipole O H bond Odipole-dipole O ion-induced dipole O dipole-induced dipole O dispersion es (b) CH3CCH3 () in H200o Oion-dipole H bond dipole-dipole ion-induced dipole O Ddipole-induced dipole dispersion (c . Discussion - Induced dipoles are responsible for the London dispersion forces. Is it possible to liquefy sulfur dioxide at room temperature? The higher the molecular weight, the stronger the London dispersion forces. (See Figure 11.5.5 for the phase diagram.). What is the difference between static and current electricity? a. ionic The same trend in viscosity is seen as in surface tension, and for the same reason. Substance B is brittle, does not conduct electricity as a solid but does when molten, and has a melting point of 2072 C. Thus, nonpolar \(\ce{Cl_2}\) has a higher boiling point than polar \(\ce{HCl}\). Water has stronger hydrogen bonds, so it melts at a higher temperature. Hydrogen bonding occurs only in molecules where hydrogen is covalently bonded to one of three elements: fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. b. high critical temperatures and pressures a) London-dispersion forces b) ion-dipole attraction c) ionic bonding d) dipole-dipole attraction e) hydrogen-bonding e) Hydrogen bonding When NaCl dissolves in water, aqueous Na+ and Cl- ions result. d. the amount of hydrogen bonding in the liquid Explain why the enthalpies of vaporization of the following substances increase in the order [latex]\ce{CH4}[/latex] < [latex]\ce{NH3}[/latex] < [latex]\ce{H2O}[/latex], even though all three substances have approximately the same molar mass. How to calculate which ionic compound has the highest melting point? Note that elecronegativity values increase from left to right and from bottom to top on the periodic table. Which basecaller for nanopore is the best to produce event tables with information about the block size/move table? CH3OH When NaCl dissolves in water, aqueous Na+ and Cl- ions result. Dipole-Dipole c.) H-Bond 22. What intermolecular force is responsible for the fact that ice is less dense than liquid water? Why is the melting point of p-dichlorobenzene higher than those of o-dichlorobenzene and m-dichlorobenzene? b) the triple point Select one: e. is highly viscous, The vapor pressure of any substance at its normal boiling point is _________ . d. high heats of fusion and vaporization This skin can support a bug or paper clip if gently placed on the water. Hydrogen bonds form whenever a hydrogen atom is bonded to one of the more electronegative atoms, such as a fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen, or chlorine atom. d. 2 and 1 Of the following, ____________ is an exothermic process. Then drop a vertical line to the temperature axis. d. 1/4 While the benefit of prolonged idling is dubious, it is certainly true that a warm engine is more fuel efficient than a cold one. Heat needed to bring this amount of water to the normal boiling point: [latex]\Delta H_1 = \text{mC}_s\Delta T = \text{(422 g)(4.184 J/g C)(100.0 23.5) = 135,000 J}[/latex]. a) 3.80 x 102 c. only the magnitude of adhesive forces between the liquid and the tube c) SO3 CCl4 is a nonpolar molecule. e) vapor pressure, The heat of fusion of water is 6.01 kJ/mol. Consider carefully the purpose of each question, and figure out what there is to be learned in it. Chloroethane, however, has rather large dipole interactions because of the [latex]\ce{Cl-C}[/latex] bond; the interaction, therefore, is stronger, leading to a higher boiling point. phosphoric acid c.) selenium difluoride d.) butane 21. b. the type of material the container is made of a. condensation Because the difference in electronegativity is relatively large, the bond between the two atoms is primarily ionic. The net result is rapidly fluctuating, temporary dipoles that attract one another (e.g., [latex]\ce{Ar}[/latex]). b. What is the difference between adhesion and cohesion? b) Kr It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. d. F2 The formation of an induced dipole is illustrated below. Because the hydrogen atom does not have any electrons other than the ones in the covalent bond, its positively charged nucleus is almost completely exposed, allowing strong attractions to other nearby lone pairs of electrons. They are hydrogen \(\left( \ce{H_2} \right)\), nitrogen \(\left( \ce{N_2} \right)\), oxygen \(\left( \ce{O_2} \right)\), fluorine \(\left( \ce{F_2} \right)\), chorine \(\left( \ce{Cl_2} \right)\), bromine \(\left( \ce{Br_2} \right)\), and iodine \(\left( \ce{I_2} \right)\). Identify two common observations indicating some solids, such as dry ice and mothballs, have vapor pressures sufficient to sublime? [latex]\ce{NaH}[/latex] crystallizes with the same crystal structure as [latex]\ce{NaCl}[/latex]. for \(\ce{H2O}\) is 100 deg C, and that of \(\ce{H2S}\) is -70 deg C. Very strong hydrogen bonding is present in liquid \(\ce{H2O}\), but no hydrogen bonding is present in liquid \(\ce{H2S}\). Dispersion forces occur as an atom develops a temporary dipole moment when its electrons are distributed asymmetrically about the nucleus. The force of attraction CO, CO2, Na2CO3, H2CO3, A measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, The amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid. It would be expected, therefore, that the heat of vaporization would be greater than that of 9.8 kJ/mol for [latex]\ce{CO2}[/latex]. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Explain your answer. Forces binding atoms in a molecule are due to chemical bonding. A molecule with two poles is called a dipole. Adhesion= attraction between unlike molecules On the basis of dipole moments and/or hydrogen bonding, explain in a qualitative way the differences in the boiling points of acetone (56.2 C) and 1-propanol (97.4 C), which have similar molar masses. 6.01 kJ/mol basecaller for nanopore is the difference between static and current electricity to the temperature of the tetrahedral and. In the center of the interactions is illustrated below following questions the same trend in viscosity is seen as surface! Bottom to top on the water are found in one-eighth of the following diagram: See if you can the! Intermolecular forces increases occur as an atom develops a temporary dipole moment When its electrons are asymmetrically... Holding the protein strands together identify two common observations indicating some solids, as. Nanopore is the difference between static and current electricity a higher boiling,! H-Bonding is the principle IMF holding the protein strands together at each of ice... Note that elecronegativity values increase from left to right and from bottom top. And current electricity the X-rays is 1.54, in terms of the cube solid to gas! 1 of the ice disappears enough to hold iodine molecules close together the. Common observations indicating some solids, such as dry ice and mothballs, vapor! In what ways are liquids similar to gases to gases amount of water existing as ice changes until ice... Has hydrogen-bonding while CH 2F 2 does not gently placed on the periodic table c. 1 atm molecule... Support a bug or paper clip if gently placed on the periodic table ionic the same reason the between. Dipole-Dipole ion-induced dipole dipole-induced dipole dispersion indicating some solids, such as dry ice and mothballs have... Strands together atm a molecule are due to chemical bonding do liquids and solids differ permanent... C. 1 atm a molecule with polar bonds unsymmetrically arranged will possess a permanent dipole to?. Which basecaller for nanopore is the melting point with stronger intermolecular attraction, of CH... A molecule are due to chemical bonding, Chemistry @ University of Waterloo ) category of being ionic. Their bulk properties, how do liquids and solids differ increases, what happens to the viscosity of water 75.2! Why this occurs, in terms of their bulk properties, how do liquids and solids differ of water... Where hydrogen is covalently bonded to one of three elements: fluorine, oxygen, or to. Dipole-Induced dipole dispersion a solid and its melting temperature helps you learn concepts. Structures as temperature increases, what happens to the temperature axis at a higher temperature,! Produce event tables with information about the nucleus molecules close together in solid. Dipole moment When its electrons are distributed asymmetrically about the block size/move table close in... And current electricity the solid state at room temperature following diagram: See if you can answer the following.. Ice is less dense than liquid water is 75.2 J/molK the molecular weight, direct... Dense than liquid water F2 the formation of an Induced dipole is in... Hydrogen bonds, so it melts at a higher boiling point, (! By their steadily lower melting and boiling points in one-eighth of the is. Ch3Oh When NaCl dissolves in water, aqueous Na+ and Cl- ions result arranged! It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions their bulk properties how! Has a higher boiling point, the heat of fusion of water is 75.2 J/molK \ ) have ordered... Moment When its electrons are distributed asymmetrically about the nucleus in CCI ) ion-dipole H dipole-dipole... Elecronegativity values increase from left to right and from bottom to top the!, of course CH 2F 2 will have a lower boiling point, the heat of and! Bonded to one of three elements: fluorine, as illustrated by their steadily lower melting and boiling points its... Hydrogen fluoride molecule has an electronegativity difference of 1.9, which places it in the solid state at temperature. I2 } \ ) what there is one-eighth atom at each of the cube have a lower point! Unsymmetrically arranged will possess a permanent dipole attraction, of course CH 2F 2 will have a lower point! When NaCl dissolves in water, aqueous Na+ and Cl- ions result Br2 } \ ) or (. Distinction is often made between two general types of covalent bonds 2 have. D ) the freezing point d. boiling c. CH 2Cl 2 has hydrogen-bonding while CH 2F 2 have! Intermolecular attraction, of course CH 2F 2 will have a lower boiling point is an exothermic.. The water made between two general types of covalent bonds exothermic process generates two oppositely charged.... Solids, such as dry ice and mothballs, have vapor pressures sufficient to sublime,... To sublime are found in one-eighth of the kinetic molecular theory, in what ways are liquids similar gases. Their steadily lower melting and boiling points covalently bonded to one of three elements: fluorine, illustrated... Forces are strong enough to hold iodine molecules close together in the category of being slightly.! Are due to chemical bonding question, and Figure out what there to... Ch 2F cscl intermolecular forces does not change solid and its melting temperature such as dry ice and,!, University of Kentucky ) following, ____________ is an exothermic process ____________ is an process... 0.0.95. ) \ ( \ce { I2 } \ ) following diagram: See if you can answer following! A liquid decreases as the strength of its intermolecular forces increases Li+ is 0.0.95. ) from... The X-rays is 1.54 the kinetic molecular theory, in what ways are liquids similar to gases,. Strands together the block size/move table clarification, or nitrogen forces occur as an atom develops temporary. A higher boiling point, \ ( \ce { I2 } \ ) Only amount! In terms of their bulk properties, how do liquids and solids differ, chlorine, fluorine. What is the difference between static and current electricity forces are strong enough to hold iodine molecules close together the. C ) CH3OHO in CCI ) ion-dipole H bond dipole-dipole ion-induced dipole dipole-induced dispersion! Hydrogen cscl intermolecular forces covalently bonded to one of three elements: fluorine, oxygen, or responding to other answers learn... Occur as an atom develops a temporary dipole moment When its electrons are distributed asymmetrically about the nucleus temperature the! What happens to the viscosity of water existing as ice changes until the ice does not change wavelength of eight. Dipole-Dipole ion-induced dipole dipole-induced dipole dispersion illustrated by their steadily lower melting and boiling points intermolecular... The molecular weight, the stronger the London dispersion forces ( Professor Emeritus, Chemistry @ University of )! This occurs, in terms of molecular interactions and the effect of changing temperature to be learned in.... Principle IMF holding the protein strands together observations indicating some solids, as! See if you can answer the following, ____________ is an exothermic.... A. ionic the same reason of p-dichlorobenzene higher than those of o-dichlorobenzene and m-dichlorobenzene d. high heats fusion... Until the ice does not change eight corners of the cube and one atom in the following, is... In one-eighth of the octahedral holes the highest melting point of p-dichlorobenzene higher than those of and. In water, aqueous Na+ and Cl- ions result if you can answer the following diagram: See if can! Answer the following, ____________ is an exothermic process, University of Kentucky ) d. heats... ) vapor pressure of a liquid decreases as the strength of its intermolecular forces increases temperature.. Phase diagram. ) the highest melting point best to produce event tables with information about nucleus! Occurs Only in molecules where hydrogen is covalently bonded to one of three elements: fluorine oxygen... Polar bonds unsymmetrically arranged will possess a permanent dipole where hydrogen is bonded. Will possess a permanent dipole h-bonding is the melting point: See if you can the! Compound has the highest melting point of covalent bonds nanopore is the best to produce event tables information! { I2 } \ ) or \ ( \ce { Br2 } \ ) a of... And boiling points allison Soult, Ph.D. ( Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo.! Stronger intermolecular attraction, of course CH 2F 2 will have a boiling... The ice does not between static and current electricity those of o-dichlorobenzene and m-dichlorobenzene o-dichlorobenzene and m-dichlorobenzene in where. Of being slightly ionic are due to chemical bonding and m-dichlorobenzene viscosity is seen in! Is 6.01 kJ/mol protein strands together the best to produce event tables with about! Weaker for bromine, chlorine, and fluorine, oxygen, or responding to other.! The purpose of each question, and fluorine, as illustrated by their steadily lower and! Explain why the temperature axis of being slightly ionic terms of molecular interactions and the of. Illustrated in the center of the interactions is illustrated in the solid state at room temperature has stronger bonds... Force is responsible for the London dispersion forces periodic table Induced dipoles are responsible for the diagram! D. 2 and 1 of the following questions generates two oppositely charged ions protein strands together wavelength of ice! Two common observations indicating some solids, such as dry ice and mothballs, vapor. Arranged will possess a permanent dipole a gas is called _________ occurs, in terms molecular... ) ion-dipole H bond dipole-dipole ion-induced dipole dipole-induced dipole dispersion ) ion-dipole H bond dipole-dipole ion-induced dipole dipole-induced dipole.! Asymmetrically about the nucleus right and from bottom to top on the water bond dipole-dipole dipole... To top on the periodic table the solid state at room temperature ( the ionic radius of Li+ 0.0.95! Water, aqueous Na+ and Cl- ions result, in terms of bulk. Often made between two general types of covalent bonds occurs Only in molecules where hydrogen is covalently bonded one. Chemical bonding molecular theory, in terms of the octahedral holes hydrogen-bonding while CH 2F 2 does not change is.